Monday, 26 November 2018

Conditional Sentences

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless"instead of "if".
Conditional sentence typeUsageIf clause verb tenseMain clause verb tense
ZeroGeneral truthsSimple presentSimple present
Type 1A possible condition and its probable resultSimple presentSimple future
Type 2A hypothetical condition and its probable resultSimple pastPresent conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3An unreal past condition and its probable result in the pastPast perfectPerfect conditional
Mixed typeAn unreal past condition and its probable result in the presentPast perfectPresent contditional

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or alwaysand the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
If clauseMain clause
If + simple presentsimple present
If this thing happensthat thing happens.
If you heat iceit melts.
If it rainsthe grass gets wet.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
If clauseMain clause
If + simple presentsimple future
If this thing happensthat thing will happen.
If you don't hurryyou will miss the train.
If it rains todayyou will get wet.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If clauseMain clause
If + simple pastpresent conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happenedthat thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlieryou would not be so tired.
If it rainedyou would get wet.
If I spoke ItalianI would be working in Italy.
Read more about how to use the type 2 conditional with the present conditional and how to use the present continuous conditional in type 2 conditional sentence.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
If clauseMain clause
If + past perfectperfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happenedthat thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harderyou would have passed the exam.
If it had rainedyou would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotionI would have been working in Milan.
Read more about how to use the type 3 conditional with the perfect conditional tense, and how to use the perfect continuous conditional in type 3 conditional sentences.

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If clauseMain clause
If + past perfect or simple pastpresent conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happenedthat thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at schoolI would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the mapwe wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spidersyou would have picked it up and put it outside.

Monday, 8 October 2018

Reported Speech

Reported Speech

Reported Statement

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said. Here's how it works:

We use a reporting verb like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the ‘person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

On the other hand, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.
Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

Tense

Present simple
Present continuous
Past simple

Direct Speech
* I like ice cream”
* I am living in London”
* I bought a car”

Reported Speech
* She said (that) she liked ice cream.
* She said she was living in London.
* She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.


Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

Direct speech: The sky is blue.
Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue.


Reported Question

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

Direct speech: Where do you live?

How can we make the reported speech here? In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence :

Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. Another example:

Direct speech: Where is Julie?
 Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple. Here are some more examples:

Direct Question

* Where is the Post Office, please?
* What are you doing?
* Who was that fantastic man?

Reported Question

* She asked me where the Post Office was.
* She asked me what I was doing.
* She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

Direct speech: Do you like chocolate?
Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.



Reported Speech (Imperatives)

In order to change the imperative sentences into direct or indirect speech, the imperative mood has to be changed to infinitive mood. In addition the word said is replaced by advise, command, request, plead, admonish, warn, suggest, forgive, threaten, forbid, solicit, propose, exhort, prompt, persuade, instruct, dictate and so on.

Examples:

* He said to his peon, “shut the door” He ordered his peon to shut the door 

* The teacher, “obey your parents”
The teacher advised the students to obey their parents 

* My friend said to me, “keep trying you will win”
My friend encouraged me to keep trying so that I would win 

* Dilip said to me, “let us go for shopping”
Dilip proposed to me that we should go for shopping 


Thursday, 21 September 2017

Tugas 1 Kepariwisataan #2

Bandung

It’s late 2016… my colleagues have this plan on having a road trip where they go very far from where they live… so in the early 2017… in January to be precise, they plan on leaving to Bandung and oh joy! I was on their list to be one of the participants. I’ve been to Bandung before, but this place we went to is another level (well… for me) we went to a place called “The Lodge Maribaya” it’s a holiday destination for people who likes nature or pine trees… because there are loads of them, in fact the whole place is actually a wood filled with palm trees, they thought it was a good idea to built a place where people can take photographs, sit around while eating and to just admire the nature and they did it, it was one of the most beautiful places I’ve ever been. We took a lot of photographs and by “we” I meant “me” of my friends, because I’m a more behind-the-camera type of guy. After all the walking up and down (by the way the place was built on a hill, so phew!) we decided that our tummy needs re-fueling, so we decided to go to a cafe called “Orofi” it’s a 2-hour drive from our current location so better get cracking! When we arrived at the cafe the place was still closed, so we have to wait like an hour before the whole place was open! (there goes our appetite!) while we’re waiting I decided to fire up my camera and take some more pictures! 50 photographs later the place finally open, the cafe was beautiful, it had this open top balcony style, where we eat at the top of the building and in front of us is this beautiful view of the city which almost over the whole of Bandung, so I fire up my camera (again) and took more pictures! Oh and let’s not forget that the food is also delicious (either that or we’re just starving). So that conclude the adventure of me and my friends! Also I highly recommend this two places if you ever wanted to visit Bandung and the cost of all this “adventure” is somewhat fair, the cafe was a “little” expensive but what do you expect, cafe’s are always expensive… in my mind. 

Saturday, 6 May 2017

Tugas Kewirausahaan #2



Robert Kearns

Robert William Kearns (March 10, 1927 – February 9, 2005) was an American inventor who invented the intermittent windshield wiper systems used on most automobiles from 1969 to the present. He earned his engineering degrees from the University of Detroit Mercy and Wayne State University and a doctorate from Case Western Reserve University. His first patent for the invention was filed on December 1, 1964.


Kearns claimed that the inspiration for his invention stems from an incident on his wedding night in 1953, when an errant champagne cork shot into his left eye, leaving him legally blind in that eye. Nearly a decade later in 1963, Kearns was driving his Ford Galaxie through a light rain, and the constant movement of the wiper blades irritated his already troubled vision. He modelled his mechanism on the human eye, which blinks every few seconds, rather than continuously. 

Kearns won one of the best known patent infringement cases against Ford Motor Company (1978–1990) and a case against Chrysler Corporation (1982–1992). Having invented and patented the intermittent windshield wiper mechanism, which was useful in light rain or mist, he tried to interest the "Big Three" auto makers in licensing the technology. They all rejected his proposal, yet began to install intermittent wipers in their cars, beginning in 1969. 

Robert Kearns is one of those inventors that was forgotten. Actually the original inventor of the device was Raymond Anderson (1923), but Kearns is the one who’s brave enough to show it to the automakers and made it big. You may think his invention is not important, but it was revolutionary in the automotive industry and it also teaches us that you can’t do big things if you don’t start with the smaller stuffs. 

Photo credit: Google images

Saturday, 22 April 2017

Tugas Kewirausahaan #1

Taryn Croucher

I like automotive. Especially cars, since I was a kid the first word that comes out of my mouth when I was like 2 years old is ‘tires’ not ‘mommy’ or ‘daddy’ but ‘tires’ and when I was in senior high school, my love of cars grew even more, I started reading about cars on the internet and discover that Japanese car culture is probably the most bonkers out there.

Japanese car culture or Japanese culture in general influence me to the automotive world. When I was 12 years old my dad bought me a PlayStation 2 and a video game called ‘GT4’ or Gran Turismo 4, which is a Japanese made racing game, that game kick-start my love of cars even more, I started to recognize many cars from the game.

And today I thought when I want to have a job I wanted it to be something that I love, because there’s no better feeling than getting paid while doing something you love.
Like I said earlier, I love cars and when I have a spare time, which I always had, I like to open up Google chrome and went this website called “SpeedHunters” and on that website there are a lot of young entrepreneur who travels the world to take pictures of cars and write an article about them, but among all of them there’s only one person that really stands out to me, her name is Taryn Croucher, yep you heard it, she’s a women. 

You may think “how did she inspire you?” Well it’s pretty straightforward really, she’s a women and she likes cars, but more than that I love to read her articles, it’s so enjoyable. So hopefully in the near future I can become an entrepreneur like her too, travelling around the globe to shoot and write stuff about cars and most importantly met a lot people while doing it. 
Photo credit: speedhunters.com 

Friday, 30 December 2016

Mind Mapping, Ilmu Sosial Dasar

Bab II 
Penduduk, Masyarakat dan Kebudayaan 



Bab III 
Individu, Keluarga dan Masyarakat 



Bab IX 
Agama dan Masyarakat




Bab X 
Prasangka, Diskriminasi dan Etnosentrisme 






Bab VII 
Masyarakat Pedesaan dan Perkotaan 



Masyarakat Perkotaan, Aspek – Aspek Positif dan Negatif 

Pengertian Masyarakat 
Syarat – syarat untuk membentuk suatu masyarakat adalah:

Harus ada pengumpulan manusia yang banyak, serta bukan pengumpulan binatang.Telah bertemparakat adalah sekelompok orang – orang yang menempati suatu wilayah tertentu, dan sudah lama menempati wilyah tat tinggal dalam waktu yang lama di suatu daerah tertentu.Memiliki peraturan – peratuan yang mengatur mereka untuk mencapai tujuan serta kepentingan bersama. Berdasarkan cara terbentuknya, masyarakat dapat dibagi dalam:


  1.  Masyarakat paksaan, misalnya : negara, masyarakat tawanan, dl
  2.  Masyarakat merdeka, yang terbagi dalam 
  3. Masyarakat Natuur: terbentuk dengan sendirinya.
  4. Masyarakat Kultur: terbentuk karena kepentingan tertentu.
 Masyarakat Perkotaan, ciri – ciri masyarakat perkotaan: 
1. Kegiatan keagamaan berkurang2. Orang kota mampu mengurus dirinya sendiri tanpa bantuan orang lain4. Warga kota memiliki kemungkinan lebih besar untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan
5. Masyarakat perkotaan memiliki jalan pikiran yang rasional
6. Faktor waktu menjadi sangat penting untuk masyarakat perkotaan
7. Perubahan sosial dapat terlihat dengan jelas di kota - kota
 Perbedaan desa dan kota

Perbedaan antara masyarakat pedesaan dengan masyarakat perkotaan dapat terlihat pada ciri – ciri tertentu, yakni:

1.            Jumlah dan kepadatan penduduk
2.            Lingkungan hidup
3.            Mata pencaharian
4.            Corak kehidupan sosial
5.            Stratifikasi sosial
6.            Mobilitas sosial
7.            Pola interaksi sosial
8.            Solidaritas sosial
9.            Kedudukan dalam hireaki sistem administrasi nasional
 Hubungan Desa dan Kota

Secara umum, masyarakat pedesaan dengan masyarakat masyarakat perkotaan saling bergantung samu sama lain, karena tanpa desa, maka masyarakat perkotaan akan kekurangan SDA yg pada umumnya berasal dari desa, selain itu, masyarakat perkotaan juga dapat kehilangan calon – calon tenaga kerja dengan kualitas SDM yang tinggi. Tanpa kota maka desa akan kekurangan infrastruktur yang penting untuk kelangsungan hidup masyarakatnya, juga desa akan tidak memiliki tempat untuk menyalurkan hasil tani maupun SDA lainnya, dan tidak akan mampu menyalurkan tenaga kerja yg sesuai untuk masyarakatnya yang tidak mendapat kerja sesuai dengan bakatnya.

Aspek Positif dan Negatif

Lingkungan perkotaan seyogyanya mengandung 5 unsur yang meliputi :

1.            Wisma: tersedianya tempat berlindung dari alam disekitarnya
2.            Karya: tersedianya lapangan kerja
3.            Marga: tersedianya hubungan dengan di dalam kota, maupun diluar kota. 
4.            Suka: tersedianya fasilitas rekreasi / hiburan
5.            Penyempurnaan: tersedianya penyempurnaan fasilitas – fasilitas yang sudah ada.
 Menghadapi hal tersebut, tugas – tugas dari aparatur pemerintah adalah:

1.            Aparatur kota harus menangani berbagai permasalahan yang timbul di kota.
2.            Pembangunan dan pengaturan harus dikerjakan dengan cepat dan tepat.
3.            Masalah keamanan harus ditangani dengan baik.
4.            Dalam rangka pemekaran kota, harus terdapat kerjasama yang baik antara pemimpin di kota dgn pemimpin di tingkat kabupaten, namun juga bermanfaat bagi wilayah kabupaten disekitarnya
 Penanganan masalah kota dapat dipecahkan dengan:

1.            Menekan angka kelahiran
2.            Mengalihkan pusat pembangunan pabrik (industri) ke pinggiran kota
3.            Membendung urbanisasi
4.            Mendirikan kota satelit dimana pembukaan usaha relatif rendah
5.            Meningkatkan fungsi dan peranan kota kecil / desa besar
6.            Transmigrasi bagi warga miskin dan penggangguran
  Masyarakat Pedesaan Pengertian desa / pedesaan

Desa adalah sekelompok masyarakat yang telah bertempat tinggal di suatu daerah dan memiliki hukum / peraturan tersendiri yang hanya berlaku pada penduduk tersebut, yang dikenal dengan adat istiadat.

Ciri – ciri desa:1.            Mempunyai pergaulan hidup yang saling kenal satu sama lain antara lain / memiliki ikatan solidaritas yang kuat
2.            Ada pertalian perasaan yang sama tentang kesukaan terhadap kebiasaan
3.            Cara berusaha pada umumnya bercorak agraris, yg cenderung sangat dipengaruhi oleh alam, namun juga melakukan pekerjaan – pekerjaan diluar pertanian sebagai pekerjaan sambilan
4.            Sistem kehidupan berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan
 Hakikat dan Sifat Masyarakat PedesaanPada umumnya 80% masyarakat Indonesia bertempat tinggal di pedesaan dengan mata pencaharian yang agraris. Namun itu pun tidak selalu berjalan dengan baik, terkadang terdapat gejala – gejala sosial yg dapat mengganggu kehidupan masyarakat tersebut, seperti:

1.            Konflik (Pertengkaran)
2.            Kontraversi (Pertentangan)
3.            Kompetisi (Persaingan)
4.            Kegiatan pada masyarakat pedesaan
 Sistem Nilai Budaya Indonesia, antara lain:

 1. Para petani di Indonesia terutama di Jawa pada dasarnya  menganggap hidupnya itu sebagai sesuatu yang buruk, penuh dosa, kesengsaraan. Namun mereka menganggap itu sebagai usaha untuk berlaku prihatin terhadap lingkungannya.
2. Mereka beranggapan bahwa orang bekerja itu untuk hidup, dan kadang – kadang untuk mencapai kedudukannya.
3. Mereka cenderung berorientasi pada masa kini (sekarang), dan kurang mempedulikan masa depannya
4.            Mereka menganggap alam tidak menakutkan bila ada bencana alam atau bencana lain itu hanya merupakan sesuatu yg harus wajib diterima agar peristiwa tersebut tak akan terulang lagi
5.            Untuk menghadapi alam, mereka cukup dengan hidup bergotong – royong, mereka sadar bahwa hidup ini pada hakikatnya tergantung kepada sesamanya.
 Unsur – unsur Desa, antara lain: 


1.            Penduduk
2.            Wilayah
3.            Peraturan - peraturan untuk mengatur penduduk di desa tersebut
 Faktor lingkungan geografis yang mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat di pedesaan adalah:

1.            Faktor topografi
2.            Faktor iklim
3.            Faktor bencana alam
 Fungsi Desa, secara umum fungsi desa adalah:

1.            Sebagai penyedia kebutuhan masyarakat, baik itu masyarakat pedesaan maupun masyarakat perkotaan.
2.            Sebagai sumber tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan masyarakat perkotaan, juga sebagai sumber dari SDA yg dibutuhkan masyarakat perkotaan
3.            Dapat menghasilkan tenaga kerja Spesialis
  Urbanisasi dan Urbanisme

Urbanisasi adalah situasi perpindahan penduduk dari desa ke kota. Cepat atau lambatnya urbanisasi ditentukan olek dua aspek, yaitu:


  1. Perubahan masyarakat desa menjadi masyarakat perkotaan.
  2. Bertambahnya jumlah penduduk di kota yang disebabkan oleh mengalirnya penduduk dari desa – desa.
 Secara umum, penyebab urbanisasi adalah:
1.            Daerah terseut adalah pusat pemerintahan atau ibukota suatu negara.
2.            Daerah tersebut memiliki lokasi yang strategis untuk memulai suatu usaha – usaha perdagangan / perniagaan.
3.            Munculnya kegiatan industri di daerah tersebut, baik itu industri barang atau jasa.
 Perbedaan Masyarakat Pedesaan dengan Masyarakat Perkotaan 
Secara umum perbedaan masyarakat pedesaan dengan masyarakat perkotaan, perbedaannya dapat terlihat dari beberapa aspek, yaitu:

1.            Lapangan kerja / mata pencaharian yang tersedia pada daerah tersebut
2.            Produktivitas Daerah
3.            Kualitas pendidikan penduduknya
4.            Cara hidup penduduknya
5.            Kebudayaan yang berlaku di daerahnya 

Saturday, 15 October 2016

Pemetaan Masyarakat Terhadap Kemacetan

Kemacetan lalu lintas adalah kondisi arus lalu lintas yang tidak stabil, sering berhenti, kecepatan sangat rendah, Pengemudi tidak dapat beralih jalur, antrean panjang, volume lalu lintas melebihi kapasitas jalan dan lain-lain (Hariyanto, 2003).

Kemacetan lalu lintas disebabkan banyak faktor yakni: faktor manusia, faktor fisik jalan, faktor kendaraan.

  • Faktor manusia sebagai penyebab kemacetan, antara lain: adanya penyeberangan jalan, adanya parkir di tepi jalan, adanya pasar tumpah, adanya kerumunan massa di tepi jalan seperti anak sekolah, pekerja pabrik dan lain lain.


  • Faktor fisik jalan sebagai penyebab kemacetan lalu lintas, antara lain: kondisi jalan buruk, jalan menyempit, struktur jaringan jalan terlalu memusat pada satu ruas jalan, struktur geometeris jalan yang tidak baik, terlalu banyak persimpangan, dan sebagainya.


  • Kemacetan lalu lintas oleh kendaraan, antara lain: banyak Kendaraan tidak bermotor (becak dan lain -lain), banyak kendaraan besar. Lokasi yang rawan terhadap kemacetan lalu lintas adalah persimpamgan jalan, pasar, pusat pusat kegiatan, simpul transportasi.

Kemacetan lalu lintas harus diatasi dengan terpadu dari berbagai cara seperti peraturan, kesadaran pemakai jalan, dan manajemen lalu lintas yang baik. Kemacetana lalu lintas menjadi masalah utama di kota-kota besar, bahkan menjadi masalah global. Kemacetan lalu lintas banyak merugikan dari banyak segi, kerugian materi seperti bertambahnya biaya ekonomi, boros bahan bakar, boros waktu, menambah polusi di kota, dan secara psikologi menambah stress orang orang kota.
Solusi
  • Kondisi jalan alternatif harus baik, dan juga selalu di jaga dan di pelihara.


  • Pemerintah hendaknya memasang rambu gambar jalan alternatif, agar para pengguna jalan mengetahui keberadaan jalan alternatif dan dipasang di tempat yang strategis. 



  • Pemerintah perlu membuat peta yang berisi titik kemacetan dan jalan alternatif untuk menghindari kemacetan. Peta ini diletakkan di tempat yang strategis dan dapat dilihat dengan jelas oleh para pengguna jalan.